91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½

The 91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½’s annual awards honor scientific contributions across multiple dimensions: teaching, research in several subdisciplines, groundbreaking discoveries and whole lifetimes of work. To celebrate the multifaceted careers of the 2018 91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½ award winners, the editors of the Journal of Biological Chemistry invited them to submit articles on topics of their choosing, from reflecting on their paths through science to taking the bird’s-eye view of research in their fields. Here we share excerpts for these articles. To explore these topics in more depth, go to “91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½ award winners in the spotlight” on the page.

By Titia de Lange
Bert and Natalie Vallee Award in Biomedical Science 

The 91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½ award honors our work on shelterin, a protein complex that helps cells distinguish the chromosome ends from sites of DNA damage. Shelterin protects telomeres from all aspects of the DNA damage response, including ATM and ATR serine/threonine kinase signaling and several forms of double-strand break repair. Today, this six-subunit protein complex could easily be identified in one single proteomics step. But it took us more than 15 years to piece together the entire shelterin complex, one protein at a time. Although we did a lot of things right, here I tell the story of shelterin’s discovery with an emphasis on the things that I got wrong along the way.

By Paul A. Craig
91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½ Award for Exemplary Contributions to Education 

From very early on, my personal/professional life has been shaped by teachers in many different settings. Teaching and learning form a two-way street. In the process of teaching undergraduate students, particularly in the research lab, I have learned some profound lessons about the importance of listening to them, challenging them, giving them autonomy, and allowing them to enjoy success and to risk failure. I am now working with a team of faculty members to implement these lessons in a course-based undergraduate research experience in the biochemistry teaching laboratory. Our goal is to seek answers to the question “How do students become scientists?” and to implement those answers with our future students.

By Andrei Korostelev
Earl and Thressa Stadtman Young Scholar Award

Accurate translation termination by release factors is critical for the integrity of cellular proteomes. Premature termination on sense codons, for example, results in truncated proteins, whose accumulation could be detrimental to the cell. Nevertheless, some sense codons are prone to triggering premature termination, but the structural basis for this is unclear. To investigate premature termination, we determined a cryo-EM structure of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome bound with RF1 in response to a UAU sense codon. The structure reveals that RF1 recognizes a UAU codon similarly to a UAG stop codon, suggesting that sense codons induce premature termination because they structurally mimic a stop codon.

By Kim Orth
91ÑÇÉ«´«Ã½–Merck Award

My winding path toward a career in science was awkward, like an adolescent finding an identity. It did not follow a classic course; it had many interruptions, complications and challenges. It also involved a bit of luck and extremely supportive colleagues, mentors and family, including my husband, children and in-laws. I was inspired to tell my story here because I met a young woman interviewing in 2018 for graduate school who is growing up with the same complicated family expectations, social challenges, love for science and desire to be a scientist as I had four decades ago. Her future is uncertain, because her chosen academic path is not encouraged by those around her. We, as a society, must find ways to encourage, promote, enable, and give strength to those who want to follow their dreams, despite facing many challenges in their lives. Here are some things I learned on my career path that I hope might be helpful for others.

By Andrew Tsin
Ruth Kirschstein Diversity in Science Award

Genetic retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, and Stargardt’s disease are linked to structural changes in visual cycle proteins. Moreover, recent reports suggest that visual cycle proteins may also play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Basic science has laid the groundwork for finding a cure for many of these blindness-causing afflictions, but much work remains. Some translational research projects have advanced to the clinical trial stage, while many others are still in progress, and more are at the ideas stage and remain yet to be tested. Progress in our understanding of the visual cycle will inform intervention strategies to preserve human vision and prevent blindness.

By Steven G. Clarke
William C. Rose Award

There are presently few systems where the full physiological role of protein methylation is understood. The question then arises of how useful is it to discover new types of protein methylation reactions when we do not fully understand the systems already described. Do such discovery efforts represent mere cataloging of modification enzymes and their substrates? The fact that the proteins are methylated by the products of genes that have often been conserved throughout the evolutionary development of organisms suggests that a full understanding of the biology of an organism needs to include an appreciation of these modifications and their functions. As we learn more from each new protein methylation system described, the range of functional roles also increases, and we are provided new targets for therapeutic intervention into human diseases.